Abstract: To investigate the recovery of benthic macroinvertebrates diversity and its influencing factors in the Heilongjiang Naolihe National Nature Reserve following the conversion of cropland to wetlands, 18 sampling sites were established in both natural and restored wetlands within the reserve during the summer (July) and autumn (October) of 2020, and the spring (May) of 2021. Sampling of benthic macroinvertebrates and monitoring of water environmental factors were carried out. The study found a total of 96 species of benthic macroinvertebrates, belonging to 3 phyla and 6 classes, with 21 dominant species. The dominant species contributing the most to the variation in benthic macroinvertebrates community structure among different stages of wetland restoration were the chironomid larvae. As the duration of wetland restoration increased, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou's evenness index, and Simpson diversity index of benthic macroinvertebrates communities all increased. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that early-stage restored wetlands in spring and summer had a higher similarity in benthic macroinvertebrates community structure with recently restored wetlands, while natural wetlands exhibited lower similarity with restored wetlands; in autumn, natural wetlands had higher similarity with restored wetlands. Redundancy analysis indicated that the benthic macroinvertebrates community was significantly influenced by total phosphorus, total nitrogen, conductivity, and water temperature.