Abstract: Plant communities exert a pivotal influence on wetland ecosystems, directly impacting net primary productivity and material-energy cycling. The study of plant communities and their relationship with soil environmental factors, particularly in the context of fishery withdrawal for wetland restoration, is of great importance for the assessment of restoration effects of degraded wetlands and the guidance of wetland restoration practices. This study aimed to investigate the ecological characteristics of plant communities and their relationships with soil environmental factors in restored wetlands after different fishery withdrawal time (0 year, 1 year, 10 years, and 20 years). To achieve this, a field survey was conducted in the Hongze Lake area. The findings revealed that a total of 18 species of wetland plants, encompassing 9 families and 18 genera, were observed across wetlands with varying restoration durations. The number of plant species in various areas fluctuated with the increase of restoration years, and the composition and structure of plant species in different restoration years were significantly different. The diversity of plant species at the 10-years and 20-years restoration sites were found to be significantly higher than those at the other sites. The variation in species composition of plant community in the wetlands was found to be driven by soil organic matter and total nitrogen content. Moreover, a notable synergistic relationship was discerned between these two variables and species diversity of plant community.