Abstract: Due to the unique geographical conditions characterized by karst landforms with numerous lakes, reservoirs, and crisscrossing rivers, Guizhou province possesses exceptional wetland ecosystems and high biodiversity. From March 2021 to January 2022, comprehensive surveys were conducted to assess species diversity across 42 important wetlands in Guizhou, focusing on phytoplankton, birds, fishes, aquatic macrophytes, and aquatic invasive species. The results revealed that a total of 188 species of phytoplankton from 8 phyla were recorded, with cell densities ranging from 3.50×10³ to 3.34×10⁸ cells/L across these wetlands. A total of 213 species of birds belonging to 55 families and 18 orders were recorded, including 27 nationally protected species. A total of 113 fish species belonging to 19 families and 6 orders were identified, with 4 species being nationally protected. In 5 representative wetlands, 249 species of aquatic macrophytes belonging to 69 families and 149 genera were reported, including 3 nationally protected species. Additionally, 6 species of aquatic invasive animals and 3 species of aquatic invasive plants were recorded, among which Alternanthera philoxeroides, Procambarus clarkii and Pomacea canaliculata exhibited rapid invasion and expansion tendencies. The species diversity of birds, fish, and large aquatic plants in 42 important wetlands in Guizhou Province is relatively high, while the cell density of phytoplankton and the risk of aquatic invasive species invasion was high in some wetlands. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the pollution control of lake and reservoir-type wetlands, the prevention of aquatic invasive species, and the protection of wildlife habitats.